Somayeh Ebrahimi,; Seyed Gholamreza Islami,
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 3-14
Abstract
Iran contemporary architecture is in a critical situation because our society is changing by industrialization, globalization and today by information revolution. Art and architecture have a great role to make our identity and society organization. Transmission from traditional society to modern and ...
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Iran contemporary architecture is in a critical situation because our society is changing by industrialization, globalization and today by information revolution. Art and architecture have a great role to make our identity and society organization. Transmission from traditional society to modern and then network society, have made many pleasant and unpleasant influences on our life style, behavior, collective wisdom and also on our physical world, environment, cities and buildings. Iranian society experienced transmission from traditional to modern society without any scientific, cultural, educational, artistic infrastructures. Today, emergence of network society, influenced every aspects of our life and have a great challenge by tradition and its rules.
The transition term means changing from one status to another status that has been occurred during a period of time, creating new things and transforming many existent identities. Therefore, the transition era as an “indefinite period of time” is an effective and challenging period during our history. Studying this period of time can assist the societies to understand the changes in a better way and to reorganize all their infrastructures, thereby immune themselves against lack of development in all fields and its consequences.
Nowadays, The Iranian society faces with another transition to the network society for which some of the initial infrastructures underpinned by telecommunication and information technologies had been established. The raise of speed reduced the required time for occurring the eventualities and in contrast to the past that transition from agriculture to industry had taken many centuries, transition to electronic world and network society occurs in a shorter period of time. These changes occur so fast that failure to detect the status will face the societies with shocks and their consequences in the future. Sufficient knowledge and good plan for the predictable future can help the society to pass through the crises of transition period in all fields and benefited from changes in favor of all fields.
The first step of this research is to know about our situation and transmission era to make new sustainable structure for our societies and our physical world. In this article our focus is on Iran contemporary architecture, specially in the last decades. Technology and modernization have changed our physical world. Our cities have a great physical growth in the last three decades. Iran architecture today is suffering from abnormal, odd, unreasonable constructions which mostly have made by a confused society not architects. Illness of economy, unreasonable politics and programs make great disorders in the body of our cities. Today also we can find a few masterpieces of architecture which can make our identity in new era of modernization and globalization. the role of architecture in the world in which the borders are crossing out, traditional societies are demolishing, network societies are developing, reality and virtuality are extremely close together, collective intelligence is replacing individualism, patriarchy families are destructing, human bodies are equipping with electronic tools, environment is stepping forward toward destruction and resource depletion, information viruses are spreading, will be explained briefly in this article.
Ahmad Reza Keshtkar Ghalati; Mojtaba Ansari; Sajad Nazi Dizji
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 15-28
Abstract
Increasing worldwide environmental concerns have led to the development of environmentally friendly construction practices and Green roof technology is one possibility for reducing the environmental impact of a building. The main benefits of green roofs are their ability to regulate the temperature ...
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Increasing worldwide environmental concerns have led to the development of environmentally friendly construction practices and Green roof technology is one possibility for reducing the environmental impact of a building. The main benefits of green roofs are their ability to regulate the temperature in and around buildings, improve energy efficiency in buildings, reduce the urban heat island effect, retain storm water, and increase the lifespan of a roof. Further, their secondary benefits include their ability to provide therapy to humans, provide space for agricultural use, improve public perception of a company or institution, improve the aesthetic environment, increase property value, reduce noise inside a building, and provide habitat for airborne species, However the main goal is always environmental quality enhancement. Sustainable structures and Green systems have been the most important issues for developed countries. Now these projects in developing countries like Iran have been doing for resolving several problems with cultural, social, environmental, and economical results. All of these efforts can be studied in base of sustainable development.
Study about green roof is not a new object but green system is a new object. If these systems be used in the country we can interest of these benefits and also many occupations will be created, so we should use them in macro scale otherwise they will be forgotten. One of the resolves of widespread green system performance is defining it in accordance with sustainable development. In today’s society, sustaining the environment is becoming an increasingly important issue. Consumers, businesses and institutions are making an effort to be environmentally conscious for the sake of the planet. In addition, businesses and institutions have the incentive appearing more environmentally conscious to the public, and are beginning to forgo immediate economic gains for the sake of engaging in more environmentally sustainable activities and systems.
The investigation done has incorporated literature research, expert consultations and university information and has aggregated experiences of pioneer countries in this field. The objective of this study is to determine whether the environmental benefits and financial incentives of green roof systems in Iran are sufficient to render the green roof a sound investment. The purpose of this research is justifying the green roof system in Iran by using of environmental development criteria. In the conclusion we found that one way to develop and justify the system in Iran is defining and analyzing the ways of developing that by sustainable development criteria. The debate is over; human beings have to this point had an adverse effect on the stability of Earth. Many human practices and processes utilized to sustain the current standard of living have proven to be unsustainable. In light of this fact, the green revolution is gaining momentum throughout the world. A green roof is essentially a roof with a living system of plants on the top. In Iran, green roof technology has been slow to catch on. Green systems are minimal and more information needs to be relayed to people in order to stimulate green roof systems in Iran.
Farah Habib; Akram Hosseini
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 29-38
Abstract
After victory of Islamic Revolution in 1360 (1981), wide mutations as a result of excited values of the Revolution caused lots of changes in different fields, including architecture. Following this, Cultural Revolution designers were adapted with new requirements of the community and orientations that ...
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After victory of Islamic Revolution in 1360 (1981), wide mutations as a result of excited values of the Revolution caused lots of changes in different fields, including architecture. Following this, Cultural Revolution designers were adapted with new requirements of the community and orientations that introduced Revolution’s mottos after relative establishment of structure and educational contents of the universities. This matter, in conformity with general spirit of personality seeking processes of architecture, introduced necessity of changing in architecture training programs. In the field of architecture training, self-reversion , revival of past stable values, Permanent concepts are in history, structure and content of training program from the viewpoint of Cultural Revolution designers about importance of theoretical studies in training, joining of architecture training with precinct culture, historical examination of architecture before modernism, of national and zone perspective. Existence of word identity in the introduction of Cultural Revolution staff program in 1363 (1984), demonstrated attentions towards basics of new training program of architecture. Then, seeking identity in training process is followed by emphasizing on Islamic architectural history and Iranian architectural history.
This period was contemporary with predominance of global process of postmodernism on West architecture. Postmodernism thoughts, criticizing inattention of modern architecture thinkers towards history of establishment of architecture in different places, chooses increasing, antonym, complex and metaphorical in its expressions. Prevalence of West postmodernism numerosity thoughts resulted in establishment of most of Iranian contemporary architecture works.
On one hand, contemporary human’s social life, expansion of relationships and breaking boundaries are mixed with globalization idea. Contemporary world’s occurrences and mutations have widespread concepts in today life. Community technology, telecommunication, internet, satellite and so are things that involve human in network of relationships in different manners. So, after technical and technological advances of modernism, media could broadcast art and architecture mutations all around the world as other matters. Postmodernism attitude could increase its symbolic dimensions and attendance ways.
Iran’s temporary architecture, which has a root in past architecture, is together with global widespread mutations, as a result of today world’s achievements and ideal that belongs to all of humans. Today architectures encounter with twosome status of doubt towards past values and captivation towards new values, as well as sentiment coherency to the past and excitement to the future; and this matter force them to search about recognition of personal and collective identity.
Despite entering of current thoughts in West architecture to Iran, before entering and usage, tools and information technology was growing slowly and after the movement, it grows fast. It is necessary to evaluate reasons and results of these changes. While theoretical basics resulted from consideration of personality seeking, on one hand, and entrance of attitudes in West architecture on the other hand, (but without passing prerequisite processes that was caused appearance of the aforesaid thoughts), have significant influence on architecture of Iran. The present study involved in explaining Iran’s architecture approach after the Revolution and evaluating its personality seeking objectives against a phenomenon, called globalization, emersion of information technology, media and computers.
Hadise Asgari Tafreshi; Bahman Adib Zade; Mojtaba Rafiyan; Seyed Ebrahim Hooseini
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 39-50
Abstract
Physical, economical, social Inattentiveness beside vanished sense of attachment have prepared way for social harms in dilapidated areas. Thus, one of the primary objectives in residential or commercial architecture is preservation of “peace and safety” which can solely be achieved ...
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Physical, economical, social Inattentiveness beside vanished sense of attachment have prepared way for social harms in dilapidated areas. Thus, one of the primary objectives in residential or commercial architecture is preservation of “peace and safety” which can solely be achieved through the expansion of physical “security”. Researches have shown that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in both the opportunity for crime and fear of crime. Through their involvement in design can influence the creation of safer neighborhoods and communities. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach may pave the way for alleviation and prevention of urban crimes, including dilapidated ones, by using general elements such as mixed land use, provision of predictable routes, proper urban lighting, creation of defensible spaces, etc... . CPTED is part of a comprehensive approach to crime prevention. By emphasizing modifications to the physical environment, it complements community-based policing, Block Watch, and social programs that address some of the root causes of criminal behavior.
There are four primary obstacles to the adoption of CPTED. First is a lack of knowledge of CPTED by environmental designers, land managers, and individual community members. For this reason, allocating substantial resources to community educational programs are often required. The second major obstacle is resistance to change. Many specifically resist the type of cooperative planning that is required to use CPTED. Beyond that, skeptics reject the research and historic precedents that support the validity of CPTED concepts. The third obstacle is the perception that CPTED claims to be a panacea for crime that will be used to displace other more traditional approaches rather than a small complementary tool in deterring offender behavior. The fourth obstacle is that many existing built areas were not designed with CPTED in mind, and modification would be expensive, politically difficult, or require significant changes in some areas of the existing built environment.
CPTED works best when fully supported by the community. Other key partners include:
neighborhood residents: who can make their communities safer through participation in the development and implementation of CPTED-based strategies for crime prevention
new home buyers: who can ask for a home built to CPTED principles
apartment building managers: who can organize the safety of tenants
elected officials: who can encourage the integration of CPTED principles into official plans, zoning by-laws and development permits
police officers: who can conduct CPTED assessments in existing neighborhoods and review applications for new developments
insurance companies: who can offer discounts for safe designs
Nematabad as a dilapidated urban area with vast abandoned lands has crucial problems in terms of crime rate and its spread throughout public areas. Therefore, the present paper with collection of existing data for given area and certain questioners filled out by residents that processed via GIS and SPSS as comprehensible graphic maps, tries to explore complex areas and categorizes their specifications, in addition to introducing their generative factors and the environmental design approach to regularize these areas.
Mohsen Taban,; Azadeh Pashootanizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 51-62
Abstract
Nowadays; definition of urban places and spaces is highly considered. Identity can be defined as the sense that people make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations.Such experiences and relations need particular places. Places ...
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Nowadays; definition of urban places and spaces is highly considered. Identity can be defined as the sense that people make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations.Such experiences and relations need particular places. Places are significant centers of our immediate experiences of the world. In the past, human life was sincerely attached to things and places. Overall, there are two ways in which place has been related to identity. The first is place identifications. This refers to a person’s expressed identification with a place, The second way in which place has been related to identity is through the term place identity, which calls for a more radical re-evaluation of the construct of identity.
The forces of new technologies, globalization and ‘time-space-compression’ have worked to undermine roll of place in individual and social identity of communities , However, places play a potentially important part in the symbolic and physical dimension of human identification. Place identity is realized through presence, movement, standing and reflects on physical, social and functional features in which a comprehensive understanding of the place will be allowed.
Cities are rediscovering their rivers. For at least the past 30 years, cities and towns have been turning back to their rivers, transforming industrial and derelict land into new parks, residences, and commercial space. The trend appears to be continuing and perhaps even accelerating, with major planning and construction efforts underway in waterfront cities around the world. After abusing urban rivers through years of hard use and neglect, we have come to realize they are valuable economic and community assets.
This assets give the waterfront cities great opportunities that if been considered in new developments, would arise benefits for the whole city.
Reconsidering waterfront areas as a valuable urban asset is one of the most interesting phenomena of urban renewal. In particular, river cities display an intimate and complex relationship with the water which should never be considered a limit but an extension of the urban fabric. Tourism pedestrian trails within the urban context, connected to ecological river corridors, provides a concept through sequence vision with all of it aspects for urban space experience.
In this research a descriptive and analytical methodology is used to determine main principles of pedestrian trails along the index urban axes connected with the riverfront corridors, focusing on parameters that increase presence of people and as a result identity of riverfront places.
The paper shows that tourism pedestrian trails along index urban axes connected to the ecological river corridor, causes sustainability of urban places and as a result identifies the adjacent area and the entire city. This visual and physical connectivity, considering environmental issues and an integrated redevelopment, would led to creating more livable ,identified and active urban public spaces. Such connections increase quality and legibility of urban spaces and elaborate the image of the city. Careful criticism of the city’s production of new urban spaces should be pursued to avoid foreclosing opportunities for articulating alternate urban futures.
Maryam Khastoo; Navid Saeidi rezvani
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 63-74
Abstract
As the human needs air to live, the city needs vitality to survive. It is necessary to promote vitality of the city in order to achieve viability. One of vibrant viable and dynamic urban spaces in the world is the “pedestrian mall”; in Iran the concept of such places is not well defined; ...
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As the human needs air to live, the city needs vitality to survive. It is necessary to promote vitality of the city in order to achieve viability. One of vibrant viable and dynamic urban spaces in the world is the “pedestrian mall”; in Iran the concept of such places is not well defined; additionally the large car-dependent thoroughfares and streets in which motor vehicles disturb the citizen’s safety have decreased the city vitality and viability. On the other hand the role of urban public space in which the citizen’s social interactions form and the society culture promotes, in Iran is declining day by day. Furthermore, walking as one of principles of the people’s physical and spiritual health is neglected.
This article is based upon a practical research on the urban spaces vitality; the research is done in order to identify the effective factors on the urban spaces vitality and design a lively vibrant urban space regarding the role of buying. In the article, a “lively urban space” is defined as an urban space in which there is a noticeable number of people and diversity of them (ages, sexes, interests and …) in the long period of day time that their activities are generally done in the form of optional or social ones. In this sense, it is supposed to find a effective and acceptable relationship between buying activity and vitality, and safety and vitality regarding to the importance of buying and walking activity in the quality of citizen’s life (in contrast with automobile and motorized movement that impairs the security and safety of people) under the concept namely “Pedestrian Mall”. The research has two hypotheses; the first one is: the shopping centers affect the urban spaces vitality; and the second is: safety and security affect the urban spaces vitality. The case study of the research is Sattarkhan Street of Tehran which is commercially powerful while it doesn’t have enough vitality and viability. After surveying the relative concepts and viewpoints and analyzing the research case study, the research hypotheses will be proved. At the end of the article the analytical model of the research (diagram of the effective factors on urban spaces vitality) is produced. In the model, the concept of effective factors on vitality is divided into macro and micro dimensions. The macro (external) dimension includes factors such as social, economic, cultural and physical indicators; the micro (internal) dimension is divided into physical and nonphysical indicators. These two indicators include some variables such as urban design, land use, activities, interactions, social events etc. Other underlying factors that are not shown in the model are variables such as legibility, sense of place, architectural distinctiveness, the linkages in design terms between different parts of the city, the quality of street lighting and how safe, friendly and psychologically approachable the urban space is. The last part comprises the conclusion and suggestion; in this section physical and nonphysical suggestions are submitted (e.g. activities and spaces) in order to enhance the vitality and viability of the street.
Mostafa Abbaszadegan; Razieh Rezazadeh; Maryam Mohammadi; Sajad Alipour Eshliki
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 75-86
Abstract
Tehran with over 10,000,000 populations has an inadequate transportation system. One of the solutions to Tehran transportation system’s problem is development of sustainable urban transportation systems such as an underground rail system called metro. Tehran is benefiting of ...
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Tehran with over 10,000,000 populations has an inadequate transportation system. One of the solutions to Tehran transportation system’s problem is development of sustainable urban transportation systems such as an underground rail system called metro. Tehran is benefiting of such a system since few years ago and now several lines with many stations are under construction. Despite its partial completion metro is already is accepted as a satisfactory mode of transportation in Tehran. Although some of the effective factors on trip satisfaction is related to speed, scheduling, safety and so forth, in this article a model is proposed in which the trip satisfaction as one of the sustainable urban transportation indices is studied against users' personal characteristics, and investigates the affective independent parameters. Therefore the research hypothesis is to examine the effects of users' personal characteristics on metro trip satisfaction. The aim of this article is to develop an optimum model to predict the metro trip satisfaction level through personal characteristics. Data is gathered through questionnaire survey. Two metro stations in vicinity of two universities of "Sharif" and "Iran Science and Technology" were selected for comparative purposes. 160 questionnaires were distributed equally within the neighborhoods in vicinity of the two metro stations. Also 240 questionnaires were distributed among metro passengers at the stations. Two major dependent variables were measures, "metro trip satisfaction level" and "metro trip satisfaction level in comparison with other transportation means". The independent variables are gender, age, education, occupation, place of work, distance from metro station and finally the reason for using metro. The results show that two variables of "distance from metro station" and "place of work have correlations with both dependent variables. Also "education level has a very high correlation with "metro trip satisfaction level". Considering the type of the data, for nominal data (gender and occupation), chi square, and for rank order data (age groups and education level), Gamma statistics were used for correlation study. The statistical analysis shows that the distance from metro station, place of work, and age are important and affecting the metro trip satisfaction level. While these statistics show the existence of relationship between variables, it does not provide a predictive model for behavior, which is of high importance for planning and design of urban environments. A regression analysis is need to build a predictive model, however due to variation in data which includes nominal as well as ordinal a rank-order regression model is used. This analysis shows that there is a much higher potential for selecting metro as a transportation mode for lower educated users than for higher educated ones. Also it shows that an increase in age would contribute to possibility of using metro as a satisfying means of transportation. Also the analysis shows that the lower distance to metro stations, would increase trip satisfaction level with metro. There are planning implications for these results including that in proximity to metro stations, job locations must concentrate, while sport and cultural facilities with younger users could be located further away.
Hamid Majedi
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 87-94
Abstract
Urban contexts are solely created depend on the development extent of the country, worldwide and for every eras. In other word, politic, economic, social, as well as cultural conditions were of vital components in formation of urban contexts every time. Nowadays, historic contexts are part of ...
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Urban contexts are solely created depend on the development extent of the country, worldwide and for every eras. In other word, politic, economic, social, as well as cultural conditions were of vital components in formation of urban contexts every time. Nowadays, historic contexts are part of cities survived from the two past decades or event last of the present era. Despite of being highly qualified, most of them have been deteriorated in view of historic or cultural. However, essential consideration for conservation, respect, as well as renovation of such contexts was amongst the programs of architecture, planning, as well as urban design engineers. In this regard, the effect of social and cultural structures along with politic and economic structures was of remarkable focus. Development in historic contexts has been attentively studied to preserve the space-structure values. Pass of time make the human beings more close to the identification of new development of cities in the past decades as the historic or probably much deteriorated contexts. In a very close future, urban development plans, performed or under construction, would be considered as a part of old contexts and remarkable studies will be carried out around these subjects. This study aims to investigate the modern urban development which high probably would be among the deteriorated contexts within next few years.
In case of acceptance of some few components of “ skeleton structure” including “small plot”; “impermeability”; “instability” approved by Excellent Council of Urbanization and Architecture along with “economic structure” and “social structure”, paying attention to the deficiencies of “urbanization in country” would be of vital importance. The considerable deficiencies include content, procedure, investigation, as well as approval and performance of urban development plans. Such deficiencies may result in “small plot”; “impermeability” in urban context. Moreover, this study investigates the problems in “building control” (such as issue of certification for construction permit, building completion and no offence) which lead to appearance of “instability” in buildings throughout the urban context and eventually the whole “urbanization and architecture” complex. Totally, such problems may interfere in make an unsuitable environment for citizens or the economic and social decline of urban identity. Overall, the objective of this study is to save the new contexts of being deteriorated in future.
This study had a concise view on the effects of politic, social and economic structures of today life on the under construction contexts high probably considered as deteriorated ones.
Preparation of urban development plans ignoring social, economic, as well as skeletal structure of deteriorated contexts and essential measures towards promotion and innovation, totally separated from the urban development plans, not only could not be succeeded in fixing the related problems but also create more complicated ones in this regard.Experiences of these comprehensive plans during recent decades demonstrated that any delay in providing proper plan for deteriorated contexts would extend the related problems more and more
Khashayar Kashani Jou
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 95-106
Abstract
At the beginning of the third millennium, urban public spaces as third places are focal points of urban design activities. They play an important role in social interactions. Public spaces belong to all citizens and they are not only defined by physical aspects but also by human activities. Public ...
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At the beginning of the third millennium, urban public spaces as third places are focal points of urban design activities. They play an important role in social interactions. Public spaces belong to all citizens and they are not only defined by physical aspects but also by human activities. Public spaces have a long history in urban development process and structures of the most cities have been formed around them. After industrial revolution, urban public spaces lost their main function because of emerging of automobile and so new concepts propounded. Since three decades ago, as a result of developing ICT and increasing public interests, quality issues in urban spaces have been considered so much more than before. These factors have led to diverse theoretical trends in related to urban public spaces by different theorists.
The aim of this paper is reviewing viewpoints of the most important experts related to urban public spaces and categorizing them. For this purpose, a documentary research method through valid resources and a comparative analysis process have been applied.
In this order, after studying the last concepts, theorists related to public spaces have been divided into six topics: environmental-sustainability, spatial-visual cognition, social interactions, pedestrian-orientation, security and human scale, and environmental-behavioral effects. While a theorist may have discussed about the subject from different aspects, but in this research, he (she) has been classified based on his (her) most predominant trend. Accordingly, Serge Chermayeff, Graham Haughton, Colin Hunter, Hugh Barton and Richard Rogers in environmental-sustainability trend, Sitte, Cullen, Rob Krier, Rossi, Christopher Alexander, Cliff Moughtin, Ali Madanipour and Jahanshah Pakzad in spatial-visual cognition trend, Arendt, Zucker, Jane Jacobs, William Whyte, Jan Gehl, Oldenburg and C.C. Marcus in social interactions trends, Garnier, Speiregen, Halprin, Bacon, Bill Hillier and Michael E.Arth in pedestrian orientation trend, Mammford, Francis Tibbalds, Andres Duany, Plater-Zyberk, Peter Katz, Zeninca and Bernan in security and human scale trend, Lynch, Rapoport, Romedi Passini, More, Jon Lang and Hossein Bahreini in environmental-behavioral effects trend have been classified.
The results show that there has been diverse and variable trends related to urban public spaces specially in the last century. So, the most significant contemporary related theories can be categorized based on their dominant trend into three main periods: from late 19th century to 1960, from 1960 to 1990 and from 1990 until now.
In the first period, theorists have been emphasized on spatial and visual cognition in public spaces. So, concepts such as artistic principles of city planning, townscape, serial vision and architecture of the city were dominated. While in the second period, the focus has been on environmental- behavioral effects, strengthening social interactions and developing pedestrian-orientation in urban spaces. Theories like third place, monumental plaza, way finding, city image, space syntax and new pedestrianism are the most important concepts in this period. Finally, in the last period, security-oriented and human-scale designing of public realms in addition to environmental considerations and sustainability issues have become more important. Sustainable city and new urbanism are the main theories in this recent period.
Hamidreza Saremi
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 107-118
Abstract
The idea of construction of secure Islamic cities is a new and fundamental research into elimination of the insecurity-producing factors and emergence of safe environ in cities. Prosperity of science and technology, with all positive changes induced, play no crucial role in security of cities. The reports ...
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The idea of construction of secure Islamic cities is a new and fundamental research into elimination of the insecurity-producing factors and emergence of safe environ in cities. Prosperity of science and technology, with all positive changes induced, play no crucial role in security of cities. The reports by reliable world organizations demonstrate that ever-increasing growth of threats of natural disasters, violence, crime, juvenile delinquency, marginal dwelling and expansion of poverty are all against safety and security of cities. Need to security, among other things, is of higher importance. In the planning and urban development system, proofing against natural disasters and struggling against human-induced insecurity have not led to security in cities. Continuation of this process, too, will not result in the planned but. Holy Qur’an considers the bad deed of people as the cause of insecurity and natural disasters and sees the good deed a ground for realization of secure cities. From this viewpoint, change in behavior and social norms on the basis of Qur’anic teachings will lead to elimination of insecurity and realization of security in cities. The direct relationship between natural disasters and human deed is a new idea and perspective in the arena of urban management. Formation of social prosperity against divine law and human nature not only lead to no positive results, but also guide the natural development towards the natural disasters. Thereupon, any sort of insecurity dominated in the structural or social skeleton of human life is induced due to social disorders in the centre of non-divine acts. In this regard, promotion of life quality is achieved as a result of arrangement of social norms through training along laws. Islam, generally classify the insecurity, whether in natural or human type, as the consequence of human acts in the direction of blasphemy and corruption. In view of wise God, solidity of constructions is not lonely able to confront strongly with disasters. Any contrast has been reported between solidity and preventing from disasters, however, to this but, social changes are of high importance. Different dimensions of security and their role in other sections provide development and excellence of people.
Inevitably, bounded with holly Qoran and Islam pave the way for human. Revolutions as well as prosperity in science and technology implicate that The holly book is the human save prescription. Results demonstrate that technological progress is incapable in prevent or deduction of insecurity. The higher development in the science and technology, the more accurate are the construction as well as municipal spaces computations. On the similar basis, life and financial damages passed an increasing trend. In accompany with science progress, social insecurities augmented. Simultaneously, revolution of social conducts and in the next step, conjunction of thoughts with structure found " safe City". Safe City appear as an utopia for the whole great well known people worldwide.
Disasters, whether in natural, social, economic types or in the for of earthquake, frequent flood, tsunami, terrorism, suicidal actions, bombing and organized crimes threat the urban life devest the security of human life.
Rama Ghalamboor Dezfoli; Armin Ghahghaei
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 119-130
Abstract
After victory of Islamic Revolution in 1360 (1981), wide mutations as a result of excited values of the Revolution caused lots of changes in different fields, including architecture. Following this, Cultural Revolution designers were adapted with new requirements of the community and orientations that ...
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After victory of Islamic Revolution in 1360 (1981), wide mutations as a result of excited values of the Revolution caused lots of changes in different fields, including architecture. Following this, Cultural Revolution designers were adapted with new requirements of the community and orientations that introduced Revolution’s mottos after relative establishment of structure and educational contents of the universities. This matter, in conformity with general spirit of personality seeking processes of architecture, introduced necessity of changing in architecture training programs. In the field of architecture training, self-reversion , revival of past stable values, Permanent concepts are in history, structure and content of training program from the viewpoint of Cultural Revolution designers about importance of theoretical studies in training, joining of architecture training with precinct culture, historical examination of architecture before modernism, of national and zone perspective. Existence of word identity in the introduction of Cultural Revolution staff program in 1363 (1984), demonstrated attentions towards basics of new training program of architecture. Then, seeking identity in training process is followed by emphasizing on Islamic architectural history and Iranian architectural history.
This period was contemporary with predominance of global process of postmodernism on West architecture. Postmodernism thoughts, criticizing inattention of modern architecture thinkers towards history of establishment of architecture in different places, chooses increasing, antonym, complex and metaphorical in its expressions. Prevalence of West postmodernism numerosity thoughts resulted in establishment of most of Iranian contemporary architecture works.
On one hand, contemporary human’s social life, expansion of relationships and breaking boundaries are mixed with globalization idea. Contemporary world’s occurrences and mutations have widespread concepts in today life. Community technology, telecommunication, internet, satellite and so are things that involve human in network of relationships in different manners. So, after technical and technological advances of modernism, media could broadcast art and architecture mutations all around the world as other matters. Postmodernism attitude could increase its symbolic dimensions and attendance ways.
Iran’s temporary architecture, which has a root in past architecture, is together with global widespread mutations, as a result of today world’s achievements and ideal that belongs to all of humans. Today architectures encounter with twosome status of doubt towards past values and captivation towards new values, as well as sentiment coherency to the past and excitement to the future; and this matter force them to search about recognition of personal and collective identity.
Despite entering of current thoughts in West architecture to Iran, before entering and usage, tools and information technology was growing slowly and after the movement, it grows fast. It is necessary to evaluate reasons and results of these changes. While theoretical basics resulted from consideration of personality seeking, on one hand, and entrance of attitudes in West architecture on the other hand, (but without passing prerequisite processes that was caused appearance of the aforesaid thoughts), have significant influence on architecture of Iran. The present study involved in explaining Iran’s architecture approach after the Revolution and evaluating its personality seeking objectives against a phenomenon, called globalization, emersion of information technology, media and computers.
Manouchehr Foroutan
Volume 4, Issue 6 , August 2010, Pages 131-142
Abstract
The documents of Iranian Islamic architecture especially visual documents are few and diffuse. However these documents were attended little. Considerable paintings of the Islamic era, especially Ilkhanid, Timurid and early Safavid period have remained that can be evaluated and searched. This study, ...
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The documents of Iranian Islamic architecture especially visual documents are few and diffuse. However these documents were attended little. Considerable paintings of the Islamic era, especially Ilkhanid, Timurid and early Safavid period have remained that can be evaluated and searched. This study, wants to show how Persian paintings (Miniature) as historical documents can be used for cognition Iranian Islamic architecture. What ways can be used for analysis them? What kinds of historical data can be apprehended and how validity them to be assessed? For answering these questions, "language" of Persian paintings must were understood.
The research based on historical method. For understanding language of Persian painting applied three strategies:
History of architectural representation was evaluated and tow ways of representation of architecture in painting were obtained.
Expressive features of Persian paintings were reviewed. Therefore, Persian paintings that represented well-known buildings were compared whit the building. For example three paintings from Nezami's quintuplet poem (khamse) were selected and compared by Taq-e-Bostan and also three Persian painting that were represented Mecca.
Persian paintings were compared whit samples of extant Iranian and other Islamic architecture. For example, representation of house in a Persian painting was evaluated.
In each of parts a case was evaluated. Cases review process include: dating represented architecture and dating Persian painting; evaluating validity of the painting as historical document; attention to features manuscript; evaluating purports of text and determining the general topics and themes; measure the degree of match with the reality of architecture by evidence; comparing the Persian painting and contemporaneous extant architecture or other Persian paintings same version or school; detecting architectural elements and details in painting, rereading represented architecture and interpreting it.
Finally, expressive features Persian paintings in representation of Iranian architecture are presented. Briefly Persian paintings features in the expression of Islamic architecture include: the use of multiple simultaneous isometric perspective; illustrating simultaneously inside and outside the space; imaging asynchronous events in an image; refer the three-dimensional two-dimensional; representing walls up to ceiling indoor; equal importance floor and wall display; components with respect to total of real space; independence scale of building and the human's scale; remove walls to see them back; reduce distances and compact show to space; choose the smallest component of architectural space for illustrating while maintaining a whole room due to limited spaces in the painting; display main elements and display some minor elements; use a virtual frame as metonymy of the inside and outside architecture. In addition, review showed that the difference representation (painting) and reality (building) in known buildings was significant. Referring to other texts (paintings and architecture) and compare those (intertextuality) by methods of historical semantics and symbolic show social meaning of the represented architecture. Using Persian paintings and relying on evidence in other fields can be readout architecture, to pay (for example a house of Ilkhanid period was readout). Persian paintings can be as "cognitive maps" to examine and review aspects of environmental psychology concepts such as "personal space", "proximity ", and "territorial behavior".
